Enhanced ultrasonically assisted extraction of bitter melon (Momordica charantia) leaf phenolic compounds using choline chloride-acetic acid–based natural deep eutectic solvent: an optimization approach and in vitro digestion

Abstract Bitter melon ( Momordica charantia ) is a rich source of phytochemicals including phenolic compounds with diverse health-promoting benefits and potential food industry application due to their antioxidant potential. leaves have been limitedly investigated in comparison bitter fruits. The current work explores the use green extraction methodology optimize enhanced from using ultrasonically assisted choline chloride-acetic acid (CHAC)–based natural deep eutectic solvent. Extraction CHAC significantly improved total compounds, flavonoids, individual (including gallic acid, chlorogenic vanillic epicatechin, quercetin-3-glucoside) water, ethanol, methanol. effect molar ratio, water content, temperature, time on efficiency leaf by was explored optimized surface response (central composite design). optimum condition for ratio 1:4.35 20.68% content at 75 °C 21.23 min. Evaluation bioaccessibility concluded that most bioaccessible compound (105.00 ± 2.52%) followed salicylic syringic quercetin-3-glucoside.